Start this article has been rated as startclass on the projects quality scale. Structure of the kaapvaal craton from surface waves. Kaapvaal craton is part of wikiproject geology, an attempt at creating a standardized, informative, comprehensive and easytouse geology resource. Introduction the archaean kaapvaal craton and adjacent proterozoic mobile belts cover much of southern africa fig.
The kaapvaal province of the archean kalahari craton differs from other african archean terrains by its early cratonization, representing a nearly 1 mill. The reso lution tests indicate that both laterally and vertically the cratonic. Gondwanaland, kaapvaal craton, crust and mantle structure. Visualizing the volcanic history of the kaapvaal craton. He is a field geologist with interest in tectonics and geochronology and has mainly worked on aspects of crustal evolution in africa, specifically the kaapvaal craton of southern africa. The following are the supplementary data to this article. These and similar, but rightlateral faults are the last movements along the rim of the craton and occurred around 1.
All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Download limit exceeded you have exceeded your daily download allowance. Middle archean mantle depletion events initiated craton keel formation and early harzburgitic diamond formation. Kaap vaal trust may amend sections and add, replace, or remove forms or documents without notice. This page was last edited on 25 september 2019, at 00. Paleomagnetism of selected neoarcheanpaleoproterozoic cover. Mesoarchean assembly and stabilization of the eastern. This allows the spatial extension of the different volcanic stratigraphic units to be interpreted. The kaapvaal craton in africa is one of five ancient cratons left from the precambrian era. The archaean geology of the kaapvaal craton, southern africa.
The kaapvaal craton subsequently collided with the zimbabwe craton some 2. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. The archaean geology of the kaapvaal craton, southern. P wavespeed structure below and around the kaapvaal craton. Evolution of the northeastern kaapvaal craton and the. Precambrian cratonic pelites from the kaapvaal craton in southern africa have similar ree patterns with relative lree enrichment and absence of significant. Pdf lithospheric mantle evolution of the kaapvaal craton. The gold and rounded pyrites from the conglomerates yield a rheniumosmium isochron age of 3. A craton is a large, stable portion of earths lithosphere that makes up part of a continent. Given the established nature of geoscientific knowledge of the kaapvaal craton compared to the slave craton, and given the exciting new interdisciplinary results coming from the kaapvaal project and from. Similarities of rock records from both these cratons, especially of the overlying late archean sequences, suggest that they were once part of the vaalbara supercontinent. Understanding earth by grotzinger pdf free download ebook. Stratigraphic and structural interpretation of seismic. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want.
Crustal structure and tectonic evolution of the kaapvaal craton. Bushveld igneous complex which mining companies have exploited in different mineralised layered magmatic zones. The kaapvaal craton and adjacent orogens, southern africa. While stabilization of the kaapvaal craton was essentially complete by about 2.
Kaapvaal cratons, which amalgamated along the limpopo province e. Understanding earth by grotzinger pdf free download. The kalahari craton during the assembly and dispersal of rodinia pdf. Kaapvaal craton and limpopo belt and their cover successions until the formation of. The extensive central cratons of continents may consist of both shields and platforms. The kaapvaal craton is one of the very few remaining areas of pristine crust on earth. The kaapvaal craton most probably never acted as a major source area for the rocks of the keis supergroup because of the lack of paleo to mesoarchean zircon populations in the keis supergroup. The kaapvaal craton centred on limpopo province in south africa, along with the pilbara craton of western australia, are the only remaining areas of pristine 3. Visualizing the volcanic history of the kaapvaal craton using.
Kaap vaal trust, its agents, employees, contractors and subcontractors will not be liable for any loss or damage arising directly or indirectly from the. These include the rocks of the zimbabwe craton and. To the north, the craton is bounded by the limpopo belt, which separates it from the zimbabwe craton. Feb 10, 2020 craton plural cratons a part of the earths crust that has survived the splitting and merging of continents. Craton, the stable interior portion of a continent characteristically composed of ancient crystalline basement rock. This absence of a consistent geodynamic framework within which regionalscale observations can be placed limits our understanding of archaean assemblages and.
The origin of the kheis terrane and its relationship with. Data for the precambrian of south africa, swaziland, lesotho and botswana have been compiled in a dateview database and linked to chronostratigraphy and gis databases to produce a series of timeslice maps illustrating the development of the kaapvaal craton. There is currently a renewed interest in the early earth, and the kaapvaal craton has long served as a model for early crustal evolution. Outside of the witwatersrand basin significant quantities of gold have been recovered from archaean greenstone belts of the 3500 to 2700 ma kaapvaal craton as well as from various occurrences in the 2600 to 2200 ma transvaal supergroup. Download acrobat pdf file 2mb supplementary figs s1 to s4. Pdf crustal structure and tectonic evolution of the. Gold on the kaapvaal craton, outside the witwatersrand. Jul 17, 2018 in this study, the lithospheric strength of the kaapvaal craton is determined using deformation laws describing the failure of rocks at lithospheric depths.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of one of the oldest and bestexposed archaean cratons on this planet. The archean kaapvaal and zimbabwe cratons form the continental nucleus of southern africa. Paleomagnetism of selected neoarcheanpaleoproterozoic. The paleoarchean pilbara craton, western australia. Gold on the kaapvaal craton, outside the witwatersrand basin. The term craton is used to distinguish such regions from mobile geosynclinal troughs, which are linear belts of sediment accumulations subject to subsidence i. With the exception of the northern margin, the boundaries of the province are well defined. It is partially covered by the supracrustal sequences of the witwatersrand, ventersdorp and transvaal basin and correlated griqualand west basin, which span almost a billion years 3. Jun 12, 2008 the kaapvaal craton subsequently collided with the zimbabwe craton some 2. A reos isotope study of peridotite xenoliths from lesotho kimberlites. The kaapvaal craton in south africa is, along with the pilbara craton of western australia, the only areas where midarchean 3. The lithospheric mantle beneath the kaapvaalzimbabwe craton of southern africa shows variations in seismic pwave velocity at depths within the diamond stability field that correlate with differences in the composition of diamonds and their syngenetic inclusions. The petrogenesis and relationship of diamondite to wellstudied monocrystalline and fibrous diamonds are poorly understood yet would potentially reveal new aspects of how diamondforming fluids are transported through the lithosphere and equilibrate with surrounding silicates. Structural history of the southwestern corner of the kaapvaal craton.
Thus, the gold is detrital and was not deposited by. There is currently a renewed interest in the early earth, and the kaapvaal craton has. The basalts are 3500 million years old and are preserved as greenstone fragments within the granit. The kaapvaal network consisted of approximately eighty broadband stations that formed part of the international kaapvaal craton programme carlson et al. Earth planets space, 56, 1257, 2004 variations in the thickness of the crust of the kaapvaal craton, and mantle structure below southern africa c.
The bushveld complex, the outcrop limbs of which are shown in fig. The timing of the palaeoproterozoic great oxidation event. Geochronological comparisons of large datasets are facilitated by the use of structured databases. This suite of high grade metamorphic rocks dominates the limpopo basin. Geochemistry of palaeoarchaean to palaeoproterozoic kaapvaal. Garnet lherzolites from the kaapvaal craton south africa. Olivine water contents in the continental lithosphere and.
Jelsma encyclopedia of life support systems eolss the worldwide 1. Shear wave velocity results from a previous study were used to constrain the rheological profiles associated with each of the 64 broadband seismic stations deployed across the craton. The kalahari craton is a craton, an old and stable part of the continental lithosphere, that occupies large portions of south africa, botswana, namibia and zimbabwe. Pdf archaean crystalline rocks of the eastern kaapvaal craton. Liquidators insolvency practitioners kaap vaal trust.
Here we show that olivine in peridotite xenoliths from the lithosphereasthenosphere boundary region of the kaapvaal craton mantle root are waterpoor and provide sufficient viscosity contrast. Of 22 silicate and oxidebearing diamondites investigated, most yielded garnet intergrowths n 15 with. Origin and geodynamic significance of ultramaficmafic. The paleopoles established here, together with existing paleopoles from the kaapvaal craton, are used to evaluate the apparent polar wander path of the craton during the neoarcheanpaleoproterozoic and are compared with poles of similar age from the pilbara craton as a test of the vaalbara hypothesis. The report then discusses the basin geology in zimbabwe. The early archaean nondweni greenstone belt, southern kaapvaal craton, south africa, part ii. Witwatersrand supergroup which mining companies have exploited at certain stratigraphic positions.
Diamond genesis, seismic structure, and evolution of the. A feasibility study on the use of mine tremors in south africa for determining crustal structure was pioneered more than. The kaapvaal craton hosts a number of large gold deposits e. Developments in precambrian geology earths oldest rocks. Kaap vaal trust takes reasonable steps to ensure that the information contained on this website is accurate and up to date. The early archaean nondweni greenstone belt, southern kaapvaal.
Kaapvaalslave craton workshop, at merrickville, ontario, canada, volume. The kaap vaal craton itself is comprised of an eastern domain with. Crustal structure of the kaapvaal craton and its significance. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in. He has published more than 400 scientific papers and was editor or was on the editorial board of several international earth science journals. Structure of the kaapvaal craton from surface waves structure of the kaapvaal craton from surface waves freybourger, marion.
The archaean geology of the kaapvaal craton southern africa book summary. We calculated the seismic properties of 47 mantle xenoliths from 9 kimberlitic pipes in the kaapvaal craton based on their modal composition, the crystalpreferred orientations cpo of olivine, ortho and clinopyroxene, and garnet, the fe content of olivine, and the pressures and temperatures at which the rocks were equilibrated. Granite can be seen in the valley between melmoth and vryheid, and at quarries. The kaapvaal craton itself is comprised of an eastern domain with age ca. Characteristics of the volcanic rocks and constraints on magma. The rock has remained tectonically stable since its formation 3. In this study, the lithospheric strength of the kaapvaal craton is determined using deformation laws describing the failure of rocks at lithospheric depths.
Very little gold has been found in younger formations. Formation of the archean kaapvaal province revisited. Roering 1992a geologic observations across a tectonometamorphic boundary in the babangu area, giyani sutherland greenstone belt, south africaprecambrian res. The kaapvaal craton formed and stabilised between 3. Sloss editor, sedimentary covernorth american craton. A thermotectonic framework for the growth and stabilization of the eastern kaapvaal craton, southern africa. The physical manifestations of plate tectonics on the modern earth are relatively wellunderstood, but the nature and timing of its onset remains enigmatic, with the geodynamic regimes that operated during the archaean hotly debated. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of one of the oldest and best exposed archaean cratons on this planet, features information on. The seismometers were deployed at locations across southern africa from april 1997 through april 1999, with about fifty stations operating at any one time fig. A map of kaapvaal craton based on map of kaapvaal craton. The lithospheric mantle beneath the kaapvaal zimbabwe craton of southern africa shows variations in seismic pwave velocity at depths within the diamond stability field that correlate with differences in the composition of diamonds and their syngenetic inclusions. It was formed when when the earths basaltic crust was intruded by granite. Most of the detrital zircon grains incorporated into the keis supergroup were derived from the magondi and limpopo belts and the zimbabwe craton to the. A pdf file listing the public data used in this compilation and the.
It consists of two cratons separated by the limpopo belt. The kaapvaal craton and adjacent orogens, southern. Kaapvaal craton geological region, africa britannica. The kalahari craton during the assembly and dispersal of. A craton is a large, stable portion of earths lithosphere. These form separate continental blocks that have influenced the geological history, scenery and economic potential of the region. Nguuri bernard price institute of geophysical research, school of geosciences, university of the witwatersrand, private bag 3, wits 2050, south africa. Variations in the thickness of the crust of the kaapvaal. A part of the earths crust that has survived the splitting and merging of continents. Zimbabwe craton to the north and the kaapvaal craton to the south. Overnight at river view lodge in prieska bb 20 aug 16 satur day windpomp and nouga farms drive to nouga farm, c. It also hosts the largest platinum group element pge deposits e. The kaapvaal craton is one of the best preserved of all archean cratons. Olivine water contents in the continental lithosphere and the.
A tale of two pandas download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi. This file is licensed under the creative commons attributionshare alike 3. Continental mantle signature of bushveld magmas and coeval. Unconformity above ventersdorp rocks, basal conglomerates, transition to quartzites, beach and aeolian deposits, transition to carbonates. The geological evolution of africa encyclopedia of life.
Jelsma encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 2. Evolution of the kaapvaal craton as viewed from geochemical and. Click download or read online button to get a tale of two pandas book now. The pendotites from the kaapvaal craton are mostly garnetbearing xenoliths in kmberlite 1,11,38,5462,88. Kaapvaal craton ancient foundation the foundations of kwazulunatal comprise two distinct geological units, the kaapvaal craton and the natal metamorphic province. P wavespeed structure below and around the kaapvaal craton to.
If you would like to participate, you can choose to edit this article, or visit the project page for more information. The main building blocks of the kaapvaal craton and the age distribution of exposed basement and supracrustal rocks after eglington and armstrong 2004 with tectonic interpretations after jacobs et al. The timing of the palaeoproterozoic great oxidation event using dykes, sills and bolcanics of the ongeluk large igneous province, kaapvaal craton. Pdf formation of the archean kaapvaal craton revisited. The joint inversion of rayleigh wave group velocities and body wave receiver functions is used to constrain the shear wave velocity structure across the kaapvaal craton and surrounding mobile belts. Formation and evolution of archaean cratons home geological.
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